Tootfinder

Validation of electrodeposited 241Am alpha-particle sources for use in liquified gas detectors at cryogenic temperatures
E. Calvo Alamillo, M. T. Crespo V\'azquez, P. F. Rato Mendes, R. \'Alvarez Garrote, J. I. Crespo Anad\'on, C. Cuesta, A. De la Torre Rojo, I. Gil-Botella, I. Mart\'in Mart\'in, M. Mejuto Mendieta, C. Palomares, L. P\'erez Molina, J. A. Soto Ot\'on, A. Verdugo de Osa

Validation of electrodeposited 241Am alpha-particle sources for use in liquified gas detectors at cryogenic temperatures
This paper describes a procedure for the validation of alpha-particle sources (exempt unsealed sources) to be used in experimental setups with liquefied gases at cryogenic temperatures (down to -196 C) and high vacuum. These setups are of interest for the development and characterization of neutrino and dark matter detectors based on liquid argon, among others. Due to the high purity requirements, the sources have to withstand high vacuum and cryogenic temperatures for extended periods. The val…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.03001 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_…

DESI 2024 IV: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from the Lyman Alpha Forest
We present the measurement of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) from the Lyman-$α$ (Ly$α$) forest of high-redshift quasars with the first-year dataset of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). Our analysis uses over $420\,000$ Ly$α$ forest spectra and their correlation with the spatial distribution of more than $700\,000$ quasars. An essential facet of this work is the development of a new analysis methodology on a blinded dataset. We conducted rigorous tests using synthetic data …

Electron-phonon coupling induced topological phase transition in an $\alpha$-$T_{3}$ Haldane-Holstein model
Mijanur Islam, Kuntal Bhattacharyya, Saurabh Basu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.08467

Electron-phonon coupling induced topological phase transition in an $α$-$T_{3}$ Haldane-Holstein model
We present impelling evidence of topological phase transitions induced by electron-phonon (e-ph) coupling in an $α$-$T_3$ Haldane-Holstein model that presents smooth tunability between graphene ($α=0$) and a dice lattice $(α=1)$. The e-ph coupling has been incorporated via the Lang-Firsov transformation which adequately captures the polaron physics in the high frequency (anti-adiabatic) regime, and yields an effective Hamiltonian of the system through zero phonon averaging at $T=0$. While ex…

Advancing Hyperspectral Targeted Alpha Therapy with Adversarial Machine Learning
Jim Zhao, Greg Leadman
https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07149 https://

Advancing Hyperspectral Targeted Alpha Therapy with Adversarial Machine Learning
Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) has emerged as a promising modality for the treatment of various malignancies, leveraging the high linear energy transfer (LET) and short range of alpha particles to selectively irradiate cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue. Monitoring and optimizing TAT delivery is crucial for its clinical success. Hyper-spectral Single Photon Imaging (HSPI) presents a novel and versatile approach for the real-time assessment of TAT in vivo. This study introduces a comprehens…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.03001 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_…

DESI 2024 IV: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from the Lyman Alpha Forest
We present the measurement of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) from the Lyman-$α$ (Ly$α$) forest of high-redshift quasars with the first-year dataset of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). Our analysis uses over $420\,000$ Ly$α$ forest spectra and their correlation with the spatial distribution of more than $700\,000$ quasars. An essential facet of this work is the development of a new analysis methodology on a blinded dataset. We conducted rigorous tests using synthetic data …

Femtoscopic study of the $\Lambda\alpha$ interaction
Asanosuke Jinno, Yuki Kamiya, Tetsuo Hyodo, Akira Ohnishi
https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.09126 https://

Femtoscopic study of the $Λα$ interaction
We examine the $Λ$-${}^4\mathrm{He}$ ($α$) momentum correlation in high-energy collisions to elucidate the interaction between Lambdas ($Λ$) and nucleons ($N$). We compare phenomenological $Λα$ potentials with different strength at short range. In addition to the conventional Gaussian type potentials, we construct the $Λα$ potentials by substituting the nucleon density distribution of $α$ in the Skyrme-type $Λ$ potentials. We find that the dependence on the employed potential models is…

Crossing walls and windows: the curious escape of Lyman-$\alpha$ photons through ionised channels
Silvia Almada Monter, Max Gronke
https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.07169

Crossing walls and windows: the curious escape of Lyman-$α$ photons through ionised channels
The diverse Lyman-alpha (Ly$α$) line profiles are essential probes of gas in and around galaxies. While isotropic models can successfully reproduce a range of Ly$α$ observables, the correspondence between the model and actual physical parameters remains uncertain. We investigate the effect of anisotropies of Ly$α$ escape using a simplified setup: a hole (fractional size $\tilde s$) within a semi-infinite slab with constant column density. Due to the slab's high line-centre optical depth ($τ…

Examining Lyman-alpha Emitters through MillenniumTNG in anticipation of DESI-II
Jyotsna Ravi, Boryana Hadzhiyska, Martin White, Lars Hernquist, Sownak Bose
https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.02414

Examining Lyman-alpha Emitters through MillenniumTNG in anticipation of DESI-II
The goal of this study is to conduct a timely analysis of the high-redshift star-forming galaxy populations, which will be informative in designing next-generation experiments and their extragalactic targets. We use the hydrodynamical simulation MillenniumTNG (MTNG) to model Lyman-alpha Emitting (LAE) galaxies to extract key properties such as their clustering and occupation statistics. We define LAEs through an empirical relation between star formation rate (SFR) and Lyman-alpha flux. We also …

Contrasting Irradiation Behavior of Dual Phases in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy at Low-Temperature Due to Omega-phase Precursors in Beta-phase Matrix
Taku Ishida, Sho Kano, Eiichi Wakai, Tamaki Shibayama, Shunsuke Makimura, Hiroaki Abe
https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.00517

Contrasting Irradiation Behavior of Dual Phases in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy at Low-Temperature Due to Omega-phase Precursors in Beta-phase Matrix
Aiming to simulate the radiation damage effect on a dual alpha+beta phase Ti-6Al-4V alloy utilized as high-intensity accelerator beam window material, a series of irradiation experiments were conducted with a 2.8 MeV-Fe^2+ ion beam in several dpa regions at room temperature. The nano-indentation hardness increased steeply at 1 dpa and unchanged up to 10 dpa, due to the saturation of defect clusters and tangled dislocations in the dominant alpha-phase matrix with a size of 2~3 nm and a density o…

Red Asymmetry of H$_{\alpha}$ Line Profiles during the flares on the active RS CVn-type star II Pegasi
Dongtao Cao, Shenghong Gu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.16336

Red Asymmetry of H$_α$ Line Profiles during the flares on the active RS CVn-type star II Pegasi
Stellar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) have recently attracted much attention for their impacts on stellar evolution and surrounding exoplanets. RS CVn-type stars could produce large flares, and therefore may have frequent CMEs. Here we report the capture of a possible CME or chromospheric condensation on the RS CVn-type star II Pegasi (II Peg) using high-resolution spectroscopic observation. Two flares were detected during the observation, and the low limits of the flare energies are of the ord…

Re-investigation of Moment Direction in a Kitaev Material $\alpha$-RuCl$_{3}$
Subin Kim, Ezekiel Horsley, Christie Nelson, Jacob Ruff, Young-June Kim
https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.04176

Re-investigation of Moment Direction in a Kitaev Material $α$-RuCl$_{3}$
We report X-ray diffraction and resonant elastic X-ray scattering (REXS) studies on two $α$-RuCl$_{3}$ crystals with distinct magnetic transition temperatures: T$_{N}$=7.3K and 6.5K. We find that the sample with T$_{N}$=6.5K exhibits a high degree of structural twinning at low temperature, whereas the T$_{N}$=7.3K sample primarily comprises a single domain of R$\bar{3}$. Notwithstanding, both samples exhibit an identical zigzag magnetic structure, with magnetic moments pointing away from the h…

Prediction of Performance and Turbulence in ITER Burning Plasmas via Nonlinear Gyrokinetic Profile Prediction
N. T. Howard, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, C. Holland, J. Candy
https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.17040

Prediction of Performance and Turbulence in ITER Burning Plasmas via Nonlinear Gyrokinetic Profile Prediction
Burning plasma performance, transport, and the effect of hydrogen isotope on confinement has been predicted for ITER baseline scenario (IBS) conditions using nonlinear gyrokinetic profile predictions. Accelerated by surrogate modeling [P. Rodriguez-Fernandez NF 2022], high fidelity, nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations performed with the CGYRO code [J. Candy JCP 2016], were used to predict profiles of Ti, Te, and ne while including the effects of alpha heating, auxiliary power, collisional energy …

At the same age, metallicity, and alpha-enhancement, sodium is a more effective tracer of the young and old sequences of the Milky Way disc
Evans K. Owusu, Sven Buder, Ashley J. Ruiter, Ivo R. Seitenzahl, Nicol\'as Rodr\'iguez-Segovia
https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.00315

At the same age, metallicity, and alpha-enhancement, sodium is a more effective tracer of the young and old sequences of the Milky Way disc
Trends in the enrichment of elements with stellar ages are a powerful avenue to identify unexplained origins of the elements. We investigate the stellar abundance trends of low to intermediate-mass stars using the GALAH DR3 high-resolution spectroscopic dataset of 6234 solar-type stars. Our study explores the elemental abundance [X/Fe] of sodium (Na) with age. We find a pronounced enrichment in [Na/Fe] at super solar metallicity (i.e., [Fe/H] above 0) in the old sequence of Milky Way disc stars…

DESI 2024 IV: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from the Lyman Alpha Forest
DESI Collaboration, A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, S. Alam, D. M. Alexander, M. Alvarez, O. Alves, A. Anand, U. Andrade, E. Armengaud, S. Avila, A. Aviles, H. Awan, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, A. Bault, J. Bautista, J. Behera, S. BenZvi, F. Beutler, D. Bianchi, C. Blake, R. Blum, S. Brieden, A. Brodzeller, D. Brooks, E. Buckley-Geer, E. Burtin, R. Calderon, R. Canning, A. Carnero Rosell, R. Cereskaite, J. L. Cervantes…

DESI 2024 IV: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from the Lyman Alpha Forest
We present the measurement of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) from the Lyman-$α$ (Ly$α$) forest of high-redshift quasars with the first-year dataset of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). Our analysis uses over $420\,000$ Ly$α$ forest spectra and their correlation with the spatial distribution of more than $700\,000$ quasars. An essential facet of this work is the development of a new analysis methodology on a blinded dataset. We conducted rigorous tests using synthetic data …

Multistep severe plastic deformation to achieve non-rare earth bulk magnets with high {\alpha}-MnBi phase content
L. Weissitsch, S. Wurster, H. Krenn, A. Bachmaier
https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.11859

Multistep severe plastic deformation to achieve non-rare earth bulk magnets with high α-MnBi phase content
The ferromagnetic α-MnBi phase as non-rare earth magnetic material has gained increasing interest, but fabrication of large volumes containing a significant amount of α-MnBi is still challenging. Targeting successful processing strategies, we apply multistep severe plastic deformation with intermediate magnetic field assisted annealing. The subsequent severe plastic deformation renewed the high amount of material defects and lead to microstructural refinement of the previously formed α-MnBi …

DESI 2024 IV: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from the Lyman Alpha Forest
DESI Collaboration, A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, S. Alam, D. M. Alexander, M. Alvarez, O. Alves, A. Anand, U. Andrade, E. Armengaud, S. Avila, A. Aviles, H. Awan, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, A. Bault, J. Bautista, J. Behera, S. BenZvi, F. Beutler, D. Bianchi, C. Blake, R. Blum, S. Brieden, A. Brodzeller, D. Brooks, E. Buckley-Geer, E. Burtin, R. Calderon, R. Canning, A. Carnero Rosell, R. Cereskaite, J. L. Cervantes…

DESI 2024 IV: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from the Lyman Alpha Forest
We present the measurement of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) from the Lyman-$α$ (Ly$α$) forest of high-redshift quasars with the first-year dataset of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). Our analysis uses over $420\,000$ Ly$α$ forest spectra and their correlation with the spatial distribution of more than $700\,000$ quasars. An essential facet of this work is the development of a new analysis methodology on a blinded dataset. We conducted rigorous tests using synthetic data …

New Evidence of Binarity in Young {\alpha}-Rich Turn-off and Subgiant Stars: Fast Rotation and Strong Magnetic Activity
Jie Yu, Luca Casagrande, Ioana Ciuc\u{a}, Yuan-Sen Ting, Simon J. Murphy, Boquan Chen
https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.13562

New Evidence of Binarity in Young α-Rich Turn-off and Subgiant Stars: Fast Rotation and Strong Magnetic Activity
Young α-rich (YAR) stars within the old Galactic thick disk exhibit a dual characteristic of relative youth determined with asteroseismology and abundance enhancement in α elements measured from high-resolution spectroscopy. The youth origin of YAR stars has been proposed to be binary evolution via mass transfer or stellar mergers. If that is the case, YAR stars should spin rapidly and thus be magnetically active, because they are mass and angular momentum gainers. In this study, to seek this…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.03001 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_…

DESI 2024 IV: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from the Lyman Alpha Forest
We present the measurement of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) from the Lyman-$α$ (Ly$α$) forest of high-redshift quasars with the first-year dataset of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). Our analysis uses over $420\,000$ Ly$α$ forest spectra and their correlation with the spatial distribution of more than $700\,000$ quasars. An essential facet of this work is the development of a new analysis methodology on a blinded dataset. We conducted rigorous tests using synthetic data …

GHOST Commissioning Science Results III: Characterizing an iron-poor damped Lyman $\alpha$ system
Trystyn A. M. Berg, Christian R. Hayes, Stefano Cristiani, Alan McConnachie, Federico Sestito, Chris Simpson, Fletcher Waller, Timothy Chin, Adam Densmore, Ruben J. Diaz, Michael L. Edgar, Javier Fuentes Lettura, Manuel G\'omez-Jim\'enez, Venu M. Kalari, Jon Lawrence, Steven Margheim, John Pazder, Roque Ruiz-Carmona, Ricardo Salinas, Karleyne M. G. Silva, Katherine Silversides, Kim…

GHOST Commissioning Science Results III: Characterizing an iron-poor damped Lyman $α$ system
The Gemini High-resolution Optical SpecTrograph (GHOST) is a new echelle spectrograph available on the Gemini-South telescope as of Semester 2024A. We present the first high resolution spectrum of the quasar J1449-1227 (redshift z_em=3.27) using data taken during the commissioning of GHOST. The observed quasar hosts an intervening iron-poor ([Fe/H] = -2.5) damped Lyman alpha (DLA) system at redshift z=2.904. Taking advantage of the high spectral resolving power of GHOST (R~55000), we are able t…

Multistep severe plastic deformation to achieve non-rare earth bulk magnets with high {\alpha}-MnBi phase content
L. Weissitsch, S. Wurster, H. Krenn, A. Bachmaier
https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.11859

Multistep severe plastic deformation to achieve non-rare earth bulk magnets with high α-MnBi phase content
The ferromagnetic α-MnBi phase as non-rare earth magnetic material has gained increasing interest, but fabrication of large volumes containing a significant amount of α-MnBi is still challenging. Targeting successful processing strategies, we apply multistep severe plastic deformation with intermediate magnetic field assisted annealing. The subsequent severe plastic deformation renewed the high amount of material defects and lead to microstructural refinement of the previously formed α-MnBi …

Probing the nature of rotation in the Pleiades, Alpha Persei, and Hyades clusters
C. J. Hao, Y. Xu, L. G. Hou, S. B. Bian, Z. H. Lin, Y. J. Li, Y. W. Dong, D. J. Liu
https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.12160

Probing the nature of rotation in the Pleiades, Alpha Persei, and Hyades clusters
Unraveling the internal kinematics of open clusters is crucial for understanding their formation and evolution. However, there is a dearth of research on this topic, primarily due to the lack of high-quality kinematic data. Using the exquisite-precision astrometric parameters and radial velocities provided by Gaia data release 3, we investigate the internal rotation in three of the most nearby and best-studied open clusters, namely the Pleiades, Alpha Persei, and Hyades clusters. Statistical an…

Thermal stability and phase transformation of $\alpha$-, $\kappa(\epsilon)$-, and $\gamma$-Ga$_2$O$_3$ thin films to $\beta$-Ga$_2$O$_3$ under various ambient conditions
J. Tang, K. Jiang, P. Tseng, R. C. Kurchin, L. M. Porter, R. F. Davis
https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.00299

Thermal stability and phase transformation of $α$-, $κ(ε)$-, and $γ$-Ga$_2$O$_3$ thin films to $β$-Ga$_2$O$_3$ under various ambient conditions
Phase transitions in metastable $α$-, $κ(ε)$-, and $γ$-Ga$_2$O$_3$ films to thermodynamically stable $β$-Ga$_2$O$_3$ during annealing in air, N$_2$, and vacuum have been systematically investigated via in-situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. These respective polymorphs exhibited thermal stability to around 471-525$^\circ$C, 773-825$^\circ$C, and 490-575$^\circ$C before transforming into $β$-Ga$_2$O$_3$, across all tested ambient conditions. Particular …

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.12149 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_…

Wave Generation by Flare-Accelerated Ions and Implications for 3He Acceleration
The waves generated by high-energy proton and alpha particles streaming from solar flares into regions of colder plasma are explored using particle-in-cell simulations. Initial distribution functions for the protons and alphas consist of two populations: an energetic, streaming population represented by an anisotropic ($T_{\parallel} > T_{\perp}$), one-sided kappa function and a cold, Maxwellian background population. The anisotropies and non-zero heat fluxes of these distributions destabilize …

The JWST-PRIMAL Legacy Survey. A JWST/NIRSpec reference sample for the physical properties and Lyman-$\alpha$ absorption and emission of $\sim 500$ galaxies at $z=5.5-13.4$
K. E. Heintz, G. B. Brammer, D. Watson, P. A. Oesch, L. C. Keating, M. J. Hayes, Abdurro'uf, K. Z. Arellano-C\'ordova, A. C. Carnall, C. R. Christiansen, F. Cullen, R. Dav\'e, P. Dayal, A. Ferrara, K. Finlator, J. P. U. Fynbo, S. R. Flury, V. Gelli, S. Gillman, R. Gottumukkala, K. Gould, T. R. Greve, S.…

The JWST-PRIMAL Legacy Survey. A JWST/NIRSpec reference sample for the physical properties and Lyman-$α$ absorption and emission of $\sim 500$ galaxies at $z=5.5-13.4$
One of the surprising early findings with JWST has been the discovery of a strong "roll-over" or a softening of the absorption edge of Ly$α$ in a large number of galaxies at ($z\gtrsim 6$), in addition to systematic offsets from photometric redshift estimates and fundamental galaxy scaling relations. This has been interpreted as damped Ly$α$ absorption (DLA) wings from high column densities of neutral atomic hydrogen (HI), signifying major gas accretion events in the formation of these galaxi…

Blind QSO reconstruction challenge: Exploring methods to reconstruct the Ly$\alpha$ emission line of QSOs
Bradley Greig, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Frederick B. Davies, Dominika \v{D}urov\v{c}\'ikov\'a, Hassan Fathivavsari, Bin Liu, Romain A. Meyer, Zechang Sun, Valentina D'Odorico, Simona Gallerani, Andrei Mesinger, Yuan-Sen Ting
https://

Blind QSO reconstruction challenge: Exploring methods to reconstruct the Ly$α$ emission line of QSOs
Reconstructing the intrinsic Ly$α$ line flux from high-$z$ QSOs can place constraints on the neutral hydrogen content of the intergalactic medium during reionisation. There are now $\gtrsim10$ different Ly$α$ reconstruction pipelines using different methodologies to predict the Ly$α$ line flux from correlations with the spectral information redward of Ly$α$. However, there have been few attempts to directly compare the performance of these pipelines. Therefore, we devised a blind QSO challe…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.12149 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_…

Wave Generation by Flare-Accelerated Ions and Implications for 3He Acceleration
The waves generated by high-energy proton and alpha particles streaming from solar flares into regions of colder plasma are explored using particle-in-cell simulations. Initial distribution functions for the protons and alphas consist of two populations: an energetic, streaming population represented by an anisotropic ($T_{\parallel} > T_{\perp}$), one-sided kappa function and a cold, Maxwellian background population. The anisotropies and non-zero heat fluxes of these distributions destabilize …

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.10058 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_…

GHOST Commissioning Science Results III: Characterizing an iron-poor damped Lyman $α$ system
The Gemini High-resolution Optical SpecTrograph (GHOST) is a new echelle spectrograph available on the Gemini-South telescope as of Semester 2024A. We present the first high resolution spectrum of the quasar J1449-1227 (redshift z_em=3.27) using data taken during the commissioning of GHOST. The observed quasar hosts an intervening iron-poor ([Fe/H] = -2.5) damped Lyman alpha (DLA) system at redshift z=2.904. Taking advantage of the high spectral resolving power of GHOST (R~55000), we are able t…

Intergalactic Lyman-$\alpha$ haloes before reionization are detectable with JWST
Hamsa Padmanabhan (Geneva), Abraham Loeb (Harvard)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.18998

Intergalactic Lyman-$α$ haloes before reionization are detectable with JWST
The $James \ Webb \ Space \ Telescope \ (JWST)$ recently reported a large population of UV luminous galaxies at high redshifts, $ z > 10$, as well as Lyman-$α$ emitting (LAE) galaxies out to $z \sim 11$. We use the observed UV luminosities along with a data-driven approach at lower redshifts to place constraints on the observability of the intergalactic Lyman-$α$ intensity, scattered in the form of Loeb-Rybicki haloes, during the pre-reionization and reionization epochs ($z \sim 9-16$). We fo…

This https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.10058 has been replaced.
initial toot: https://mastoxiv.page/@arXiv_…

GHOST Commissioning Science Results III: Characterizing an iron-poor damped Lyman $α$ system
The Gemini High-resolution Optical SpecTrograph (GHOST) is a new echelle spectrograph available on the Gemini-South telescope as of Semester 2024A. We present the first high resolution spectrum of the quasar J1449-1227 (redshift z_em=3.27) using data taken during the commissioning of GHOST. The observed quasar hosts an intervening iron-poor ([Fe/H] = -2.5) damped Lyman alpha (DLA) system at redshift z=2.904. Taking advantage of the high spectral resolving power of GHOST (R~55000), we are able t…

Detection of the actinide Th in an r-process-enhanced star with accretion origin
Xing Qianfan, Zhao Gang, Aoki Wako, Li Haining, Zhao Jingkun, Matsuno Tadafumi, Suda Takuma
https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.11069

Detection of the actinide Th in an r-process-enhanced star with accretion origin
The thorium and six second-peak r-process element (56